Moreover, as dental calculus is a calcified bacterial biofilm, not a human tissue, it might be subject to fewer restrictions with respect to destructive sampling (Ozga et al., 2016). Consequently, dental calculus is potentially valuable for studies of ancient and degraded samples, where DNA preservation is limited. Recent research on ancient dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) has shown that it is the richest known source of ancient DNA in the archaeological record, exceeding the DNA content found in bone and dentin by more than an order of magnitude (Mann et al., 2018 Ozga et al., 2016 Warinner, Rodrigues, et al., 2014). However, host DNA preservation in these tissues is highly variable (Damgaard et al., 2015 Gamba et al., 2014), and destructive analysis of skeletal remains may be restricted or not permitted in some cases, making archaeogenetic analysis of these populations challenging. The majority of these aDNA capture studies have focused on either archaeological bone or dentin as sample material. To date, targeted enrichment of archaeological specimens has resulted in the successful retrieval of ancient mitochondrial genomes (e.g., Briggs et al., 2009 Llamas et al., 2016 Ozga et al., 2016 Slon et al., 2016), ancient pathogen genomes (Bos et al., 2014 Spyrou et al., 2016 Vågene et al., 2018), human genome‐wide SNPs (Haak et al., 2015), partial or whole exomes (Burbano et al., 2010 Da Fonseca et al., 2015), entire chromosomes (Cruz‐Dávalos et al., 2017 Fu, Meyer, et al., 2013), and partial nuclear genomes (Carpenter et al., 2013 Schroeder et al., 2015). Sequence capture additionally reduces the amount of material required for destructive analyses, and decreases the experimental workload and cost of aDNA analysis (Ávila‐Arcos et al., 2011 Carpenter et al., 2013). Targeted sequence capture allows for the selective enrichment of endogenous ancient DNA (aDNA) sequences prior to sequencing, thereby increasing the proportion of desired, on‐target molecules in the sequencing run. Typically, the majority of DNA in a given archaeological sample is exogenous (i.e., postmortem environmental) in origin, making untargeted sequencing of these samples inefficient and expensive, with the exception of extraordinarily well‐preserved samples and bone elements, such as the petrous bone (Gamba et al., 2014). Recent research shows the infection in your mouth can accelerate the disease processes in many conditions including but not limited to: heart disease, diabetes and premature/low birthweight babies.Īt Periodontics of Greenville, we are committed to tailoring a conservative treatment plan specifically for you to help you maintain a state of excellent oral health.The development and application of sequence capture technology has greatly increased the number of archaeological samples that are accessible for genomic studies (e.g., Carpenter et al., 2013 Fu, Mittnik, et al., 2013 Haak et al., 2015 Schroeder et al., 2015). Treatment of periodontal disease helps maintain your teeth in a healthy state, but it is also beneficial to your entire body. We are committed to teaching our patients the proper method of cleaning their teeth, and our patients need to be committed to changing their oral health routine to achieve and then maintain health during and after active periodontal treatment. In areas where there is advanced damage, a surgical procedure may be needed to obtain oral health.Įffective brushing and flossing reduces the damage caused by periodontal disease and is very important in long term maintenance. This first, non-surgical step of treatment is called scaling and root planning, or deep cleaning. Multiple appointments may be needed with or without using local anesthesia to thoroughly clean your entire mouth. Tartar must be removed by your periodontist, dentist, or hygienist by manual instrumentation. Soft plaque can be removed by mechanical means such as brushing and flossing. If it remains on the teeth for an extended period of time, tartar buildup will lead to bone loss around the teeth, which can eventually lead to tooth loss. Until tartar is removed the gum tissue is irritated, red and often bleeds. If left in the mouth, plaque eventually turns into a hard material called calculus or tartar. Bacteria found in dental plaque produce toxins that irritate the gum tissue and may cause redness, swelling and bleeding if not removed on a daily basis. Plaque is a colorless sticky film that constantly forms on the teeth. It may affect one tooth or many teeth.īacteria are the primary cause of gum disease, which is seen in the mouth in the form of plaque. Periodontal disease is a serious, chronic bacterial infection that, if left untreated, gradually destroys the gums and bone supporting your teeth. The word periodontal means “around the tooth.”
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